Reasons to Ban Cloning :: essays research papers

Cloning is defined as the process of asexually producing a group of cells, all genetically identical, from a single ancestor (College Library, 2006).† Cloning should be banned all around the world for many reasons, including the risks to the thing that is being cloned, cloning reduces genetic differences and finally it is not ethical. Almost every clone has mysteriously died even before they are born. First of all, â€Å"Australia’s first cloned sheep appeared to be healthy and energetic the day she died, during the autopsy they could not find the cause (Castro, 2005).† There are many risks to cloning and you are seldom able to identify the cause of their death. â€Å"More than 90% of cloning attempts fail (Human Genome Program, 2006).† Most cloned animals died mysteriously even before they were born or when they were very young, so there is hardly any information on how clones age. Clones may be born with a normal looking body but may have internal functioning problems. â€Å"Cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders (Human Genome Program, 2006).† There are many risks of cloning and a major factor is genetic differences. Secondly, â€Å"the most the human race has to loose by playing around with cloning is that the genetic diversity would be lost (Andrea Castro, 2005).† Reducing the genetic differences will produce clones that are grossly overlarge, many animals will be born with genetic mutations, and there will be a higher â€Å"risk of disease transfer (Saskaschools, 2003). â€Å"A review of all the world's cloned animals suggests that every one of them is genetically and physically defective (Leake, 2002).† Mutations will be passed on to the younger generation because if a cloned species has a mutation in their DNA this mutation will be passed on. Cloning has been linked with diseases of ageing, arthritis and, cancer. Last of all, Cloning is not ethical, many religious groups look down upon cloning and think it’s not proper because they think it’s like playing God. Many scientists were mainly thinking about cloning animals and, most likely, humans in the future to harvest their organs and then kill them. â€Å"Who would actually like to be harvested and killed for their organs?† â€Å"Human cloning exploits human beings for our own self-gratification (Dodson, 2003).† A person paying enough money could get a corrupt scientist to clone anybody they wanted, like movie stars, music stars, athletes, etc (Andrea Castro 2005),† whether it be our desire for new medical treatments or our desire to have children on our own genetic terms (Dodson, 2003).

Behavioral Issues Essay

On April 16th, 2007, the world was shocked by the senseless killing of 32 students and staff of Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI) by a fellow student named Seung-Hui Cho. His actions and subsequent suicide reignited questions on gun control measures countrywide and the ban of weapons on campuses. Public anger was targeted against the campus police and administration for what the public believed were security lapses on their part. The governor of Virginia State appointed a panel to investigate all aspects of the shooting. VPI came under censure for not doing enough to keep Cho away from other students in light of his mental condition. However the blame for the incident was placed squarely on Cho as he failed to abide with the recommendation of the court which would have helped him recover from his condition. Profile of Seung – Hui Cho As a child, Cho was shy and withdrawn. He kept his emotions very much under control and to most people he was considered antisocial. Cho had been diagnosed as suffering from severe anxiety from an early age. His condition was further complicated by selective mutism which caused him speaking difficulties. As a consequence of his speech challenges, the other students derided and bullied him thus contributing to his withdrawal from social activities (Golden, 2007-08-20). He operated as a loner and not much information was known about him or his friends. He received therapy for his condition in junior and middle school but opted to discontinue with the treatment later on in life. Early accounts of his childhood behavior reveal him to have been a bright child who did well in class and was popular with the other children. The transformation to an angry man with suicidal tendencies and distorted thoughts occurred some where along his social development (Bartol, 1999). His anger was so extreme that one of his professors asked that he be removed from her class. He refused to attend therapy despite being advised to so on many occasions by his mentors. The shootings that he carried out were premeditated and carefully planned taking into consideration details concerning the thirty day window before buying a second gun. Rejection by the females he was interested in fueled his feelings of unworthiness and caused him more frustration. Why did Cho gravitate towards criminal behavior? The reason for this change in him was brought about by his exclusion from mainstream society because of abnormalities that he had. The frustration he felt because of the response from the in-group towards his condition made him emotionally insecure (Bandura, 1977). Unloved and despised he developed his own coping mechanisms which were to respond with hostility and anger to any body from the in-group. He had no out – group to socialize with as was the case in the Columbine Shootings otherwise he would have had an accomplice on the fateful day. Cho began to hate society in general but in particular those females who spurned his advances and those who ridiculed him for his speech challenges. Unable to develop a meaningful support system, he relied on other social deviants to be his role models (hence his admiration with the Columbine Shooting students). By identifying himself with Jesus Christ and believing that he was a messiah of sorts, Cho developed delusionary thoughts about who he was. His loss of interest in class and antisocial behavior were common signs of some one with suicidal or destructive thoughts. At that point in life he had no cause for living and looked forward to his release from this world through death (Barlow, 2005). The Role of VPI Campus Police Department Campus police are primarily concerned with the safety and security of the student population and the members of staff. They aim to ensure that criminal acts are prevented from occurring and that action is taken to apprehend the perpetrators of a crime when it takes place. Their roles include responding to cries of distress from any body on the campus and to take the necessary action to ensure that the situation returns to normality as soon as possible (PaperClip Communications, 2007). Campus police receive the same training as normal police offices and are thus well versed in matters of disaster response and first aid. Profiling of any sort is something they are exposed to. Cho had been cited twice for stalking females and been cautioned not to repeat the behavior. Police procedure would have demanded a file be opened and any information about him properly documented. This would have required the cooperation of the administration so that private information about Cho could be put in the file. Based on the analysis of his personal profile, the police would have decided whether or not to put him on their watch list. Close supervision of his activities would have revealed his gun practice outings and alarming writings that would have warranted an administrative decision to revoke his admission at VPI. The lack of coordination between the administration and the campus police contributed to the failure of both parties in identifying Cho as a potential threat to the security of the campus. While it may have required more intense observation of the shooter to accurately arrive at his next course of action, a report from the local authorities charged with reporting gun purchases would have alerted the police to what kind of plan Cho may have been contemplating. Consequently, the blame for the shooting lies with the State of Virginia’s poor enforcement of laws that allowed a mentally challenged person to buy a gun. This incident seems to vindicate those who favor tougher laws regulating gun control and ownership. Further the fact that this purchase was not reported to the campus authorities shows that the agency conducting background checks was not performing its duties meticulously. The fact that a professor had complained about Cho’s behavior and requested he be withdrawn from her class was reason enough for the administration to put the campus police on alert. Cho should have been monitored more closely and any additional complaint form staff or students should have earned him an immediate expulsion. The health bodies that were to handle his case should have taken up the task with more vigor so as to have rehabilitated him and prevented the tragedy from occurring. By setting him loose on society the judiciary must share part of the blame. It appears that the judge was not sufficiently apprised of the danger Cho posed to his fellow human beings. An exhaustive analysis of Cho’s mental condition should have been made and further incarceration ordered in the light of his record. Laws surrounding privacy seemed to have frustrated the efforts to have the various stakeholders arrive at an informed decision. A relaxing of such laws or exceptions to them should be introduced so as to avoid a repeat of such cases. Shortcomings of the key players Profiling of individuals helps to place them in certain categories which identify the basic characteristics associated with that profile. Thus racial profiling may suggest that a black man outside a convenience store late at night might be planning a robbery. Despite the discriminatory nature of profiling, it assists the law enforcement officers to make arrests and in some cases prevent crimes. Similarly, profiling based on behavioral traits may identify potential criminals before they commit a crime. By listing the behavioral traits of criminals, one can be able to pick out those individuals with a likelihood of committing a crime based on their behavior. Antisocial acts, being withdrawn, low self esteem, excessive anger and a tendency to associate with violence are some of the traits that criminals have. Poor support systems and delusionary thoughts contribute to an individual taking up destructive actions. The VPI police were more attuned to dealing with the normal cases of petty crime and harassment to have bothered with a potential case of a mass murderer. A campus setting is not the most likely place to find a serial killer or a rapist. VPI police must have concentrated their efforts on maintaining the peace by dealing expeditiously with any cases of deviant behavior aimed at upsetting the student fraternity rather than profiling students with troubled pasts. This oversight is what led to their failure to notice the alarming trends in Cho’s behavior. It appears that the training they received did not include aspects of criminal behavior. Had they been adequately prepared for such eventualities, they would have identified Cho as a potential trouble maker and taken steps to monitor his behavior. Training in criminal behavior would have helped the police to set up a unit to deal with profiling of suspected students in a bid to prevent any tragedy on the scope that occurred that day (Ellis, 2005). After discovering the two dead bodies the police should have advised all students and staff to take precautionary measures as the killer would still have been at large. As a further measure they should have insisted on checking the bags of any student entering any building to establish if they were carrying any dangerous weapons. The administration on its part should take the concerns of its teaching staff very seriously. From the moment Cho was declared persona non grata in the professor’s class, urgent steps should have been taken to establish the nature of the complaint and whether it would have constituted a major threat to the security of the others members of staff and students. A hotline should be established through which students can report abnormal behavior by their colleagues and have the authorities investigate the claims with a view to taking the necessary action. This will help to identify those students with a potential for criminal behavior. The administration needs to develop emergency measures to be taken in the event that such an incident occurs again. Armed police guards should patrol the grounds and each building should have an armed officer who will deal with such cases. If the police had been in place and armed, they would have confronted the killer and engaged him, thus reducing the collateral damage caused. Behavioral Studies in Campuses Profiling is one of the tools that the VPI police would have used to help them identify Cho as a problem student (Bartol, 1999). By identifying his characteristics, they would have placed him in category that fits his profile correctly. Consequently they would have taken steps to contain any carnage that he would have planned by setting up surveillance around him. Further measures would include accessing the medical records of all students with mental challenges and determining the extent of the disorder ands the potential damage the student would inflict on their colleagues should the worst case scenario be taken. Such students should be closely observed and if there is any conviction that the person presents a threat to the society, their studies should be terminated forthwith. Looking for clue in the student’s essays is another avenue for picking out potential threats to the campus fraternity. By advising teaching staff to forward all essays that contain an alarming reference to violence and death, the police will be able to analyze the thought pattern of the students in a bid to establish the severity of the threat. Recurring violence themes running through a student’s essays are a likely indicator that the student is planning to carry out a violent act (Rogers, 1957). This will inform the police on the need to carry out searches of the student’s room and bags to determine if they are bringing any dangerous weapons to the campus. The police should also liaise with the local authorities to establish if the student has bought any weapons in the recent past and insist that he be blacklisted in the data bases so as to prevent him from accessing any guns. Questioning roommates of suspected trouble makers will help the police get more information concerning the behavior of the person under suspicion. This exercise should be extended to the family members where important records concerning their child can be obtained. It will also help in that the police can raise their concerns with the parents and devise methods to deal with the crisis at hand. Some of the solutions may involve a temporary withdrawal of their child from the campus for treatment. Upon successful completion of the treatment the child can be readmitted to the campus without prejudice. In instances where the treatment is ineffective the student should be permanently removed from the campus to avoid problems arising in the future. Counseling is another option open to the police. Having identified the student’s problem, the rest of the student population can be counseled on how they can assist their colleague deal with his condition. By being more sympathetic and caring, the student fraternity at VPI may have saved Cho’s life. If he had developed a good support system and had understanding friends that did not makes fun of him he may have become happier and more social. Thus as an intervention method, it is important for the staff and students to appreciate the disabilities of their colleagues and work towards making their lives more bearable rather than difficult. Postmortem Had the VPI police identified Cho as a potential threat they should have placed him under close supervision. They may have insisted that he attends therapy for his condition as a prerequisite for continued attendance at the polytechnic. Cho should have been housed in special quarters where he could receive the necessary care and medication for his condition (Prochaska, 2007). If the situation was extreme then he should have been discontinued until a marked improvement in his condition was observed. Close circuit TV should have been installed in all the buildings so that the police could monitor the activities taking place everywhere. This would have made it more difficult for anybody to perpetrate a crime and get away unnoticed. As a deterrent, this measure would have assisted greatly. Metal detectors ands physical searches should have been conducted on anybody leaving or entering a building. All exits and entrances should be monitored and the fewer the better. Police manning the checkpoints should be armed and trained to deal effectively with any threat to themselves or the campus population. As a preventive measure the police should conduct training drills for polytechnic to prepare them for any eventuality. By simulating shooting sprees, grenade attacks and bomb explosions, they can prepare the students and staff about the best action to take when faced with such a crisis. In addition the police should partner with the administration and students to foster close relationships so that concerns like those of Cho’s roommates are reported to the police for necessary action. This will entail the police educating the students for what signs to look for in their colleagues and how to handle them if caught up in a precarious situation. Once Cho began shooting the police should have created a distraction so that his attention was diverted. Such interventions can include the negotiations that take place in hostage situations. VPI police will need a trained negotiator who can talk people out of doing things they had planned to do. If the police knew Cho’s medical history a negotiator would have got to the scene quickly and began to convince him that the carnage was not right and that better alternatives could be found for his concerns. To deal with such case of student violence, more stringent security measures must be put in place (Vossekuil et al. 2002). CCTV should be installed in all buildings and be security centre be manned 24/7. Strict rules on being inn possession of a weapon concealed or otherwise should lead to automatic expulsion of the offender. The administration should share student information with the police so that they can establish profiles for all the students based on criminal, medical or personal information. The profile database will enable the police to narrow down the potential trouble makers and monitor them closely for any disturbing developments. The federal and state government’s should pass laws that make disclosure requirements more explicit and background checks more thorough before a gun can be sold to an individual. A waiting period of not less than one week should be imposed before a license can be issued to own a gun. This will allow for ample time for cross checking of an individual’s background before issuing a gun to him. Restrictions on the sale of guns should extend to students currently enrolled in learning institutions and heavy penalties imposed on gun dealers who break the law. Teaching staff should also be trained on criminal behavior theory so they can identify students who fit the profile of a criminal (Turvey, 1999). This will help the police in their work as the teaching staff are closer to the students and interact with them more often. Further, nationwide campaigns should be held discouraging the use of violence and therapists employed by all institutions to deal with individuals that need counseling. The institutions should be mandated to commit a student to therapy where a professional view demands so. In the event that the student refuses to comply, automatic expulsion should be enforced.

Time Series Analysis - 931 Words

The existing literature proposes various methodologies and procedures to predict GHG emissions in the transport sector. In general, these studies utilize time series analysis, regression analysis, decomposition, and optimization models, as explained below: †¢ Time series analysis (Sultan 2010) introduces the use of co-combination of pay per capita and fuel price (FP) to measure transport fuel consumption (FC), while (Bekhet, H Yasmin 2013), (Bekhet, HA Yusop 2009), (Ang 2008), (Ediger Akar 2007), and (Wang, SS et al. 2011) discover a relationship between vitality utilization and CO2 discharges. (Begum et al. 2015) consider the impact of GDP, FC, and concentration of population on the CO2 emissions. (Ivy-Yap, LL Bekhet 2015)†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Strategic planning tools Greaves (2009) evaluates the impacts of air quality and GHG reduction using a strategic-level modeling tool that considers freight travel, the characteristics of the fleet, and the factors related to GHG and non-GHG emissions. †¢ Linear programming models Researchers have also proposed a number of optimisation models to predict GHG emissions, especially from the energy sectors. (Bà ¶rjesson Ahlgren 2012), (Bai Wei 1996), and (Wang, C et al. 2008) explore the cost-effectiveness of conceivable CO2 reduction choices for the energy industries. Furthermore, utilizing a mixed integer linear programming model, (Hashim et al. 2005) contemplate the impacts of fuel balancing and fuel switching choices on power generation. Their studies reveal that FE and fuel switching are the best choices to decrease CO2 discharges. (Tan et al. 2013) utilize mixed integer linear programming analysis to perfectly arrange waste to the level of vitality that best minimizes electricity generation costs and CO2 emissions. Generally, after a period of time, the road transport sector’s GHG outflows demonstrate a pattern. Therefore, through the use of statistical forecasting techniques, researchers and planners can anticipate future outflows. After (Brown 1957) andShow MoreRelatedTime Series Analysis: the Multiplicative Decomposition Method1432 Words   |  6 PagesTime Series Analysis: The Multiplicative Decomposition Method Table of Contents Page Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦4-5 Methodology: Multiplicative Decomposition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦5-7 Advantages/Disadvantages of Multiplicative Method†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7-8 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 Abstract One of the most essential piecesRead MoreEvaluation Of The Testing Techniques1550 Words   |  7 Pagesfinancial time series is stationary. 4.3.2 Unit Root Test The Unit Root Test, also named Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test (ADF Test), is put forward according to whether the macroeconomic datum or financial datum has some special characteristics, which is a particular method to test stationarity of the financial time series (Choi, 2015). 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An excel spreadsheet and simple exponential smoothing will be utilized to help analyze theRead MoreImpact Of Tourism On Sri Lanka1310 Words   |  6 PagesSource: Butler (1980) Model of Tourist Arrivals The analysis and forecasting of common time series can be done by the non-seasonal ARIMA(p,d,q) (Box et al., 1994) process is given by ã€â€"∅(B)(1-B)ã€â€"^d y_t=c+ÃŽ ¸(B) a_t, where {a_t} is a white noise process with mean 0 and variance ÏÆ'^2, B is the backshift operator, and ∅(z) and ÃŽ ¸(z) are polynomials of orders p and q with no common factors and d is the order of differencing. To deal with series containing seasonal fluctuations, Box-Jenkins recommendedRead MoreAssociative and Time Series Forecasting Models1514 Words   |  7 PagesForecasting Models: Associative and Time Series Forecasting involves using past data to generate a number, set of numbers, or scenario that corresponds to a future occurrence. It is absolutely essential to short-range and long-range planning. Time Series and Associative models are both quantitative forecast techniques are more objective than qualitative techniques such as the Delphi Technique and market research. Time Series Models Based on the assumption that history will repeat itself,Read MoreRegression Analysis of Dependent Variables1183 Words   |  5 Pagesresults of regression analysis carried out with the dependent variables of cnx_auto, cnx_auto, cnx_bank, cnx_energy, cnx_finance, cnx_fmcg, cnx_it, cnx_metal, cnx_midcap, cnx_nifty, cnx_psu_bank, cnx_smallcap and with the independent variables such as CPI, Forex_Rates_USD, GDP, Gold, Silver, WPI_inflation. 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The presence of a unit root in the variables is thus tested using the Dickey Fuller generalized least squares (DF-GLS) test (Elliott et al., 1996). Panel A of Table 1 reports the results of the DF-GLS test. Since the null hypothesis of a unit root cannot (can) be rejected for any of the levels (first differences) of the three variables at the 5% level, all the series are found to be nonstationary I(1) processes. It should be emphasizedRead MoreThe Role Of Indian Fdi On Nepalese Economic Growth1252 Words   |  6 Pagesregressors innovations. This method is used to modify the least squares to account for serial correlation effects and for the endogeneity in the regressions that result from the existence of cointegrating relationship. Consider the n+1 dimensional time series vector process (y_t,X_t) with following cointegrating equation. y_t=ã€â€"X_tã€â€"^ ÃŽ ²+ã€â€"D_1tã€â€"^ ÃŽ ³_1+u_1t (1) Where, D_t=(ã€â€"D_1tã€â€"^ ,ã€â€"D_2tã€â€"^ ) areRead MoreHausman, Autocorrelation Test and Heteroscedasticity, Paragraphs542 Words   |  2 Pagesestimates and consistent results owing to the more efficient model. Autocorrelation test Another terms sometimes used for describe Autocorrelation these are â€Å"lagged correlation† or â€Å"serial correlation†, which denotes to the connection among members of a series of numbers arranged in period. Positive autocorrelation might be considered a specific form of â€Å"persistence†, a tendency for a system to remain in the same state from one observation to the next. For example, the likelihood of tomorrow being rainy

The Irish Shape of the White House A Look at Leinster

Homosexuality in Ancient Greece and Rome Essay example

Homosexuality in ancient Greece and Rome Americans endlessly recycle the old conflicts: first we fought about slavery, then segregation, then gender, and now sexual orientation-(Anon). Homosexuality is an on-going conflict in America, as well as other countries. The history of homosexuality goes back to the ancient civilizations. As we have different ideas and ways of dealing with it, so did the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome. Ancient Greece is considered as being the most accepting of homosexuality. The belief that the human body was worthy of respect and admiration is one of the reasons that homosexuality was tolerated and often accepted in society. They did not see it as an evil thing because†¦show more content†¦Homosexual conduct between a teacher and a student was considered a valuable part of the education process. Since the children were taken care of mostly by the government, it was important to establish a lasting relationship with someone that would teach you how to become a young m an. The military supported homosexuality, as they thought that one would fight harder to protect his unit if he had a lover or multiple lovers in the same unit. It was also believed to bring about a sense of comradeship. Similarly, the Greek attitude toward sex was, for the most part, value-neutral... And though exclusive homosexuality was probably discouraged as a threat to the family, it was widely tolerated both for older men who had children and for younger men prior to marriage.-(Blumenfeld and Raymond 1988. 155) Yet, as time went on, people who performed homosexual acts were considered polluted and to have become like women, and were therefore expelled from the military. The Greeks had double standards. Even though they recognized passion and attraction towards the same sex, those who were not attracted to women were not tolerated. Therefore, if a man was homosexual, he had to already have a wife and children. These double standards came from the fact that the society had to r eproduce in order to survive. Homosexuality was only tolerated if both of the men have already established a family and met their obligations to reproduce. Social status was alsoShow MoreRelatedIb Latin Internal Assessment875 Words   |  4 Pageshomosexual stigma always prevalent in history? Over two thousand years ago, the ancient Roman state ruled most of the known world. During those five hundred years, emperors rose to power and fell, a republic formed and was destroyed but what perhaps is one the most important aspects of Roman society is free love. Homosexuality was not considered different nor was it considered an atrocity in the common roman man. 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Depreciation Methods Free Essays

Depreciation Methods Depreciation is the accounting process of allocating the cost of tangible assets to expense in a systematic and rational manner to those periods expected to benefit from the use of the asset. Factors Involved in the Depreciation Process 1. What depreciable base is to be used for the asset? 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Depreciation Methods or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is the asset’s useful life? 3. What method of cost apportionment is best for the asset? Depreciable Base for the Asset The base established for depreciation is a function of two factors: the original cost, and the salvage or disposal value. Salvage value is the estimated amount that the company will receive when it sell the asset or removes it from service. It is the amount to which the company writes down or depreciates the asset during its useful life. Example: An asset is purchased for $10,000. The company believes that it has a salvage value of $1,000. Original cost $10,000 Less: Salvage value 1,000 Depreciation base$ 9,000 Methods of Depreciation The accounting profession requires that the depreciation method employed be â€Å"systematic and rational. † The following are examples of depreciation methods: 1. Activity method (units of use or production) . Straight-line method 3. Decreasing charge methods (accelerated): a. Sum-of-the-years’ digits b. Declining-balance method The following information will be used to illustrate each of the above methods: Stanley Coal Mines recently purchased an additional crane for digging purposes. Cost of crane$500,000 Estimated useful life5 years Estimated salvage valu e$50,000 Productive life in hours30,000 hours Activity Method The activity method (also called the variable-charge or units-of-production approach) assumes that depreciation is a function of use or productivity, instead of the passage of time. A company considers the life of the asset in terms of either the output if provides (units it produces), or an input measure such as number of hours it works. The crane Stanley purchased poses no particular depreciation problem. Stanley can measure the usage (hours) relatively easily. If Stanley uses the crane for 4,000 hours the first year, the depreciation charge is: (Cost less salvage value) X hours this year Total estimated hours ($500,000 – $50,000) X 4,000 30,000 = $60,000 Straight-Line Method The straight-line method considers depreciation a function of time rather than a function of usage. Companies widely use this method because of its simplicity. The straight-line procedure is often the most conceptually appropriate, too. Stanley computes the depreciation charge for the crane as follows: Cost less salvage Estimated service life $500,000-$50,000 5 =$90,000 Sum-of-the-Years’-Digits The sum-of-the-years’-digits method results in a decreasing depreciation charge based on a decreasing fraction of depreciable cost (original cost less salvage value). Each fraction uses the sum of the years as a denominator (5+4+3+2+1=15). The numerator is the number of years of estimated life remaining as of the beginning of the year. In this method, the numerator decreases year by year, and the denominator remains constant. At the end of the useful life, the balance remaining should equal the salvage value. YearDepreciation BaseRemaining life in yearsDepreciation FractionDepreciation ExpenseBook Value, End of Year 1$450,00055/15$150,000$350,000 2$450,00044/15$120,000$230,000 3$450,00033/15$90,000$140,000 4$450,00022/15$60,000$80,000 $450,00011/15$30,000$50,000 Totals:1515/15$450,000 For assets that have a long life span, the following formula can be used to determine the denominator: n(n+1) 2 For example, if an asset has a useful life of 51 years, you would calculate the denominator: 51(51+1) 2 =1,326 YearDepreciation BaseRemaining life in yearsDepreciation FractionDepreciation ExpenseBook Value, End of Year 1$450,0005151/1,326$17,308$482,692 2$ 450,0005050/1,326$16,968$465,724 3$450,0004949/1,326$16,629$449,095 4$450,0004848/1,326$16,290$432,805 5$450,0004747/1,326$15,950$416,855 Etc†¦ Declining-Balance Method The declining-balance method utilizes a depreciation rate (expressed as a percentage) that is some multiple of the straight-line method. For example, the double-declining rate for a 10-year asset is 20 percent (double the straight-line rate, which is 1/10 or 10 percent). Unlike other methods, the declining-balance method does not deduct the salvage value in computing the depreciation base. For example, if Stanley chose to use the double-declining-balance method, the crane would depreciate at twice the rate of the straight-line rate. See below: YearBook Value of Asset First YearRate on Declining Balance (a)Depreciation ExpenseBalance Accumulated DepreciationBook Value, End of Year 1$500,00040%$200,000$200,000$300,000 2$300,00040%$120,000$320,000$180,000 3$180,00040%$72,000$392,000$108,000 4$108,00040%$43,200$435,000$64,800 5$64,80040%$14,800 (b)$450,000$50,000 (a)Based on twice the straight-line rate of 20% ($90,000/$450,000 = 20%; 20% X 2 = 40%) (b)Limited to $14,800 because the book value should not be less than the salvage value. How to cite Depreciation Methods, Papers

Impact of Globalization on Value Chain Management

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Globalization on Value Chain Management. Answer: Introduction In this report we will study the various impacts of globalization on the supply chain management. In other words, it shows the configuration of the company by bringing advancement in the same. there are various types of impact that can be created on the supply chain management due to the process of globalization that are the considerations related to the competitive advantage, financial considerations to the company, technological, cultural, political, economic, and corporate social responsibilities considerations. The supply chain has various types of drivers like production, location, inventory, information and transportation. Globalization refers to the changes that take place in the economy due to the integration of the world economy with the domestic economy. Globalisation leads in open trade for all the companies who want to start their ventures into the other countries. It helps the global economy to strengthen the communication, relations, trade, business relations, etc. between the different countries of the global economy. It helps in improvement in the quality of work. Globalization has a huge influence on the process of supply chain management as it impacts each and every stage of the same. Globalization is challenging the business organization as it resulting in creating issues in the supply chin management of the companies. it has both pros and cons that we will discuss in this study the pros are that the companies can have multi dimensional resources, less restrictions of tariffs and other taxes, easy access to the global markets, better learning, etc. on the other hand globalization has many cons like there is a requirement of close relations with the stakeholders that is not possible in globalised business. Justification of the evaluation of the impact of globalization on the value chain management by including the information related to various factors The evaluation of globalization has great influence on each and every level of supply chain management of the companies. The firms are trying to manage the global trend with the domestic trend of the economy. It is providing various types of advantages and challenges to the companies. The globalization helps the company to fight against the competitors who have effective supply chains in their organization. It is required by an effective collaboration of teams and partners with increase in the speed, innovation, promotion and gains the market share. These all challenges have forced the organizations to change their priority of the cost and financial management also for the entire process. It must be related to the supply chain management and fulfilled the global operations strategies (Knemeyer, Zinn, and Eroglu, 2009). The supply chain becomes very complex in globalised world due to the fact that there are different types of culture of different countries. The companies have to analyses the culture of the countries in which they want to do business operations. Globalization provides new opportunities to the firms that will help to expand the business operations and functions of the same. With the process of globalization, the managers another staff of the firms has to keep eyes on the latest trend of the entire world. It is not an easy task to manage and fulfill the demands of each and every individual. This is the major challenge for the human resource (Walters, and Lancaster, 2000). Competitive advantage considerations Globalization has the capability to foster the market competition in an efficient and effective manner. It helps to bring dynamicity in the organization. It has created higher demand that required expertise in the management of supply chain. To create a positive impact of the globalization on the supply chain of the company it is very relevant o bring flexible work environment. It helps to establish competitive leaders in the organization. The globalization helps the company to fight against the competitors who have effective supply chains in their organization. It is required by an effective collaboration of teams and partners with increase in the speed, innovation, promotion and gains the market share (Zhu, Sarkis, and Lai, 2007). There are various regions in which the globalization has created a positive impact like- The focus of the companies is moved from regions of democratic nations to the global arena. To have competitive advantage, companies are now outsourcing the work from specialized firms of foreign countries Many companies are forming collaborative models of the business to expand their supply chain operations to win economies of scale Besides from all the above points the companies are earning profits form the effective supply chain management, and applying strategic planning into it to cope up with the global world. It is helping in capturing the markets; bring an innovations and opportunities for the growth and development of the firm. The process is taking place through synchronizing of the entire value chain and then makes improvement in to the performance and speed of the products and services, development of processes, delivery of goods, differentiation that can bring uniqueness, etc. so that companies can build market value and shares across the world (Manjra, 2014). Financial considerations With the process of globalization, the companies are facing new priorities of competitive world. It is related to the quality of product and process, reliability of the delivery, speed, and customization and the responsiveness of the organizations towards their customers. These all challenges have forced the organizations to change their priority of the cost and financial management of the entire process. It must be related and fulfilled the global operations strategies. It includes the total quality management (TQM) whose focus is to bring a revolution in the total quality of production and delivery of the goods and services. There are various cost involved in the supply chain management of companies (Meixell, and Gargeya, 2005). Technological considerations The technology has brought a peculiar trend in the supply chain management of the companies. Beside of technology, the companies are using less number of procedures in the process of production and supply chain management. Use of technology help the companies in maintains uniformity in the products and diversity where there it is required. The process of supply chain is become more complex with the process of globalization. The companies are using latest technology in the process of supply of goods. If we observe last year data, the US market is supplying their goods using new technologies that are latest and updated. All the companies should analyze the market before planning for the supply chain management and then apply technology so that the globalised demand can be fulfilled. It helps in lower down the risk of rejection and issues in each and every case related to the risk. Globalization provides new opportunities to the firms that will help to expand the business operations and functions of the same. Technology is one of the major factors that help the organizations to gain competitive advantage against the competitors present in the global markets. As it is not possible for all the companies to invest a hug amount in the technology up gradation or change in the technology. Human resource considerations The human resource of the organization is a great resource because of the special characteristics of the same. The process of globalization in the supply chain management creates a huge burden on the human resource of the companies. The reason due to this the pressure has increased is the change sin priorities taking place. Firstly, the aim of the organization is to fulfill the need and demands of the same country people. It is easy for anyone to analyses the need s and wants of people who live is same country. With the process of globalization, the managers another staff of the firms has to keep eyes on the latest trend of the entire world. It is not an easy task to manage and fulfill the demands of each and every individual. This is the major challenge for the human resource. The other challenges faced by the human resource department of the company are the skills and knowledge. As we know that globalization leads in interaction of different types of people, culture, skills, and creativity together. In this regards, the human resource of the organization have to update themselves according to the requirement of globalised supply chain managers. as they do not have to compete with the local economy but the international economies of the world. It involves many types of risk factors in the management of supply chain and decisions related to the same. The human resource of many companies requires specialized training in which they learn about the global trends in the supply chain management of the firms. This could help them in the effective management and decrease the issues rises in the same. Cultural considerations The culture has created negative as well as a positive impact on the management of supply chain in a globalised world. As we know that the companies who are dealing in the international level of business have to adopt diversified culture in their organization. This can help them to minimize the risk factors that can arise due to the different cultures. The supply chain becomes very complex in globalised world due to the fact that there are different types of culture of different countries. The companies have to analyses the culture of the countries in which they want to do business operations. This can be done though analysis of the culture and proper knowledge. Many companies start their business with the mergers and acquisition so that they can get help from the local people of the same country. Joint ventures are also a good way to enter into a globalised market. The newly expansion of any company has ore risk as compared to mergers and acquisition or joint ventures. Culture is a one thing that defines the needs and wants of the customers. The entire supply chain is affected by the different cultures as there is a need to manage the supply chain according to the culture of the locations where transaction is taking place. Political considerations and Economic considerations the globalization in the supply chain management has created a unique types of risk that includes doubts in the currency of other country, variations, the exchanges rates of the currency, economic rats, tariffs and tax policies, duties, responsibilities, rules and regulations, non-tariffs barriers on the trade, individual income tax, tec. the macroeconomics settings of each and every country is different due to which the international trade has become little risky for the organizations. There is a requirement of risk management in the supply chain process through which it become easy to do business in international markets (Creazza, Dallari, and Melacini, 2010). Risk management has become important part of supply chain management while dealing with the international markets. The changes should be managed and used in the future in the process of decision making regarding the quality, quality and time. In many countries, there is no stability regarding the political parties. The policies and strategies of the parties used to change with the change in political party. It also leads in a huge risk for the business organizations while dealing with international business. It is relevant for the organizations to analyze and study the political situations of the country in which they want to deal with in future. It results in lesser risk and future instability. The global operations managers have to tackle with the unexpected and unreasonable devaluation of the currency. They also have to manage the exposures to the changes (Need, 2006). The risk is depending on the favorability of the economy of the other country. If the economies are favorable then it becomes easy for the supply chain managers to manage in a foreign country. The operations strategies are also influenced by the tariffs and non tariffs barriers and other barriers. The only way to save the organization trough all the barriers is through strategic planning and forecasting (Carter, and Rogers, 2008). Corporate social responsibility considerations With the increase in globalization, the corporate social responsibility is also increasing as one of the famous business concept in the developed and developing economies. It is a typical concept of globalization. The stakeholders policies of the economies emphasize on the corporate social responsibility for all the businesses. The global brands of the economy are managing the supply chain of their company through strategic planning. In multinational corporations, the corporate social responsibility has become one of the relevant parts due to the fact that they have to establish a good image in front of the other MNCs. These companies are already challenged with the management of supply chain (Thun, and Hoenig, 2011). The CSR is an additional responsibility for the companies who are dealing in the global economy. The multinational operations are challenged by the globalization, corporate social responsibility and supply chain. It is observed that the firms have to manage the corporate social responsibility so that the people related to the organization will remain satisfied for a longer period of time. Many of the pressure groups are able to identify these pressures of these firms and try to take advantage from the same. Many groups take the firms for granted and try to make profits for themselves (Britt, 2007). In this way, it is important to analyze the groups and people related to the supply chain management of the company and make policies accordingly. there must be proper code of conduct, culture of the corporate, campaigns related to the anti pressure groups that directly or indirectly affects the working of the firms, training and development programs for the employees and workers related to supply chain of the company, value recognition and reorientation so that the corporate social responsibility can create a positive impact on the and positive moral on the supply chains of the company. Conclusion In the conclusion, we can conclude and emphasize that the supply chain management is the most relevant part of each and every organization. Hence, it cannot be affected due to any process of element. The supply chain management provides various ways through which a company can get maximum output through minimum input. It results in effective and efficient use of resource in the organization. It also provides an advantage of competitive advantage over the competitors to the companies by analyzing the market conditions and tackles them in the best way. The process of globalization has helped in the supply chain management up to an extent but it also creates challenging situations for the companies to tackle the strategic environment. As we know that each and every supply chain has its unique value and beliefs. It set the market demands and challenges regarding the operations. All the companies should analyze the market before planning for the supply chain management. It helps in lower down the risk and issues in each and every case. Globalization provides new opportunities to the firms that will help to expand the business operations and functions of the same. We can say that if companies have the caliber to manage the supply chain management as well as the process of globalization simultaneously in the organization, then it would be the best thing to happen. It will result is a very positive way and the company can enjoy competitive advantage against the competitors. They can earn more revenues and profits. References Britt, D., 2007. Impact of globalization in creating sustainable competitive advantage, [Online], Accessed on: 9 December 2016, Available on: https://www.sdcexec.com/article/10289694/impact-of-globalization-in-creating-sustainable-competitive-advantage Carter, C.R. and Rogers, D.S., 2008. A framework of sustainable supply chain management: moving toward new theory. International journal of physical distribution logistics management, 38(5), pp.360-387. Creazza, A., Dallari, F. and Melacini, M., 2010. Evaluating logistics network configurations for a global supply chain. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 15(2), pp.154-164. Knemeyer, A.M., Zinn, W. and Eroglu, C., 2009. Proactive planning for catastrophic events in supply chains. Journal of Operations Management, 27(2), pp.141-153. Manjra, R. 2014. How has globalization impact to supply chain management?, [Online], Accessed on: 9 December 2016, Available on: https://www.quora.com/How-has-Globalization-impact-to-supply-chain-management#MoreAnswers Meixell, M.J. and Gargeya, V.B., 2005. Global supply chain design: A literature review and critique. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 41(6), pp.531-550. Need, W.C.D.H.P., 2006. Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. Thun, J.H. and Hoenig, D., 2011. An empirical analysis of supply chain risk management in the German automotive industry. International Journal of Production Economics, 131(1), pp.242-249. Walters, D. and Lancaster, G., 2000. Implementing value strategy through the value chain. Management Decision, 38(3), pp.160-178. Zhu, Q., Sarkis, J. and Lai, K.H., 2007. Green supply chain management: pressures, practices and performance within the Chinese automobile industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15(11), pp.1041-1052.